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When the ASEAN market encounters the EU's "Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism", is it trade protection or an opportunity for low-carbon transformation?

2021-10-07

On July 14th of this year, the European Union officially announced its long-planned Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which will impose tariffs on imported products that fail to comply with EU carbon emission regulations. This has garnered international attention. The EU hopes this mechanism will prevent companies from relocating carbon-intensive industries to countries with less stringent environmental regulations, creating the risk of carbon leakage. However, how will less-developed Southeast Asian countries, and those that currently lack carbon pricing mechanisms, respond to the impending carbon tariff challenge? A German think tank survey report reveals both support and opposition among eight Asia-Pacific countries. Some countries have accused the EU of piloting the CBAM in 2023 as a protectionist measure. Liu Youbin, spokesperson for China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment, stated at a press conference on July 26 that this is "a unilateral measure that expands the climate change issue into the trade arena. This violates World Trade Organization (WTO) principles." Asian countries are also divided in their views. The Konrad Adenauer Foundation of Germany released a report in March analyzing the views of eight Asia-Pacific countries on the EU's CBAM. The eight countries include Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand. Christian Hübner of the foundation stated that, according to the survey, Singapore does not oppose a carbon border adjustment mechanism, "as long as it is fair and consistent with international norms and agreements." The report also states that Singapore will be prepared to respond to the CBAM. While the system is unlikely to change Singapore's climate action path, it could incentivize and accelerate progress. However, India "strongly views the CBAM as a protectionist measure and discriminatory against developing countries, violating international law and international agreements." Japan's steel industry opposed the CBAM even before the survey report was published and "is likely to continue to oppose it." Indonesia's view is "likely to be negative," heavily influenced by its current palm oil trade dispute with the European Union. Malaysia and Indonesia, the world's two largest palm oil producers, have both criticized the EU's plan to phase out palm oil for environmental reasons as "protectionist." Think Tank Analysis: EU-ASEAN Trade Will Have Limited Short-Term Impact. Under the CBAM rules, will the additional taxes levied on goods exported by the 10 ASEAN countries to the EU reduce their competitiveness, leading to a decline in trade? Alicia García-Herrero, a senior researcher at the Bruegel think tank, stated that the short-term impact on trade will be limited. The EU plans to pilot the CBAM between 2023 and 2025. In this initial phase, it will only apply to imports of steel, aluminum, cement, fertilizers, and electricity – industries not considered key trade priorities between the EU and ASEAN. Source: Environmental Information Center (https://e-info.org.tw/node/231944)

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